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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | RETURN VALUE | ERRORS | VERSIONS | CONFORMING TO | NOTES | EXAMPLE | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
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MPROTECT(2) Linux Programmer's Manual MPROTECT(2)
mprotect, pkey_mprotect - set protection on a region of memory
#include <sys/mman.h>
int mprotect(void *addr, size_t len, int prot);
int pkey_mprotect(void *addr, size_t len, int prot, int pkey);
mprotect() changes the access protections for the calling process's
memory pages containing any part of the address range in the interval
[addr, addr+len-1]. addr must be aligned to a page boundary.
If the calling process tries to access memory in a manner that
violates the protections, then the kernel generates a SIGSEGV signal
for the process.
prot is a combination of the following access flags: PROT_NONE or a
bitwise-or of the other values in the following list:
PROT_NONE The memory cannot be accessed at all.
PROT_READ The memory can be read.
PROT_WRITE The memory can be modified.
PROT_EXEC The memory can be executed.
PROT_SEM (since Linux 2.5.7)
The memory can be used for atomic operations. This flag
was introduced as part of the futex(2) implementation (in
order to guarantee the ability to perform atomic
operations required by commands such as FUTEX_WAIT), but
is not currently used in on any architecture.
PROT_SAO (since Linux 2.6.26)
The memory should have strong access ordering. This
feature is specific to the PowerPC architecture (version
2.06 of the architecture specification adds the SAO CPU
feature, and it is available on POWER 7 or PowerPC A2, for
example).
Additionally (since Linux 2.6.0), prot can have one of the following
flags set:
PROT_GROWSUP
Apply the protection mode up to the end of a mapping that
grows upwards. (Such mappings are created for the stack
area on architectures—for example, HP-PARISC—that have an
upwardly growing stack.)
PROT_GROWSDOWN
Apply the protection mode down to the beginning of a
mapping that grows downward (which should be a stack
segment or a segment mapped with the MAP_GROWSDOWN flag
set).
Like mprotect(), pkey_mprotect() changes the protection on the pages
specified by addr and len. The pkey argument specifies the
protection key (see pkeys(7)) to assign to the memory. The
protection key must be allocated with pkey_alloc(2) before it is
passed to pkey_mprotect(). For an example of the use of this system
call, see pkeys(7).
On success, mprotect() and pkey_mprotect() return zero. On error,
these system calls return -1, and errno is set appropriately.
EACCES The memory cannot be given the specified access. This can
happen, for example, if you mmap(2) a file to which you have
read-only access, then ask mprotect() to mark it PROT_WRITE.
EINVAL addr is not a valid pointer, or not a multiple of the system
page size.
EINVAL (pkey_mprotect()) pkey has not been allocated with
pkey_alloc(2)
EINVAL Both PROT_GROWSUP and PROT_GROWSDOWN were specified in prot.
EINVAL Invalid flags specified in prot.
EINVAL (PowerPC architecture) PROT_SAO was specified in prot, but SAO
hardware feature is not available.
ENOMEM Internal kernel structures could not be allocated.
ENOMEM Addresses in the range [addr, addr+len-1] are invalid for the
address space of the process, or specify one or more pages
that are not mapped. (Before kernel 2.4.19, the error EFAULT
was incorrectly produced for these cases.)
ENOMEM Changing the protection of a memory region would result in the
total number of mappings with distinct attributes (e.g., read
versus read/write protection) exceeding the allowed maximum.
(For example, making the protection of a range PROT_READ in
the middle of a region currently protected as
PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE would result in three mappings: two
read/write mappings at each end and a read-only mapping in the
middle.)
pkey_mprotect() first appeared in Linux 4.9; library support was
added in glibc 2.27.
mprotect(): POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008, SVr4. POSIX says that the
behavior of mprotect() is unspecified if it is applied to a region of
memory that was not obtained via mmap(2).
pkey_mprotect() is a nonportable Linux extension.
On Linux, it is always permissible to call mprotect() on any address
in a process's address space (except for the kernel vsyscall area).
In particular, it can be used to change existing code mappings to be
writable.
Whether PROT_EXEC has any effect different from PROT_READ depends on
processor architecture, kernel version, and process state. If
READ_IMPLIES_EXEC is set in the process's personality flags (see
personality(2)), specifying PROT_READ will implicitly add PROT_EXEC.
On some hardware architectures (e.g., i386), PROT_WRITE implies
PROT_READ.
POSIX.1 says that an implementation may permit access other than that
specified in prot, but at a minimum can allow write access only if
PROT_WRITE has been set, and must not allow any access if PROT_NONE
has been set.
Applications should be careful when mixing use of mprotect() and
pkey_mprotect(). On x86, when mprotect() is used with prot set to
PROT_EXEC a pkey is may be allocated and set on the memory implicitly
by the kernel, but only when the pkey was 0 previously.
On systems that do not support protection keys in hardware,
pkey_mprotect() may still be used, but pkey must be set to 0. When
called this way, the operation of pkey_mprotect() is equivalent to
mprotect().
The program below demonstrates the use of mprotect(). The program
allocates four pages of memory, makes the third of these pages read-
only, and then executes a loop that walks upward through the
allocated region modifying bytes.
An example of what we might see when running the program is the
following:
$ ./a.out
Start of region: 0x804c000
Got SIGSEGV at address: 0x804e000
Program source
#include <unistd.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <malloc.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#define handle_error(msg) \
do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)
static char *buffer;
static void
handler(int sig, siginfo_t *si, void *unused)
{
/* Note: calling printf() from a signal handler is not safe
(and should not be done in production programs), since
printf() is not async-signal-safe; see signal-safety(7).
Nevertheless, we use printf() here as a simple way of
showing that the handler was called. */
printf("Got SIGSEGV at address: 0x%lx\n",
(long) si->si_addr);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *p;
int pagesize;
struct sigaction sa;
sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
sa.sa_sigaction = handler;
if (sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL) == -1)
handle_error("sigaction");
pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
if (pagesize == -1)
handle_error("sysconf");
/* Allocate a buffer aligned on a page boundary;
initial protection is PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE */
buffer = memalign(pagesize, 4 * pagesize);
if (buffer == NULL)
handle_error("memalign");
printf("Start of region: 0x%lx\n", (long) buffer);
if (mprotect(buffer + pagesize * 2, pagesize,
PROT_READ) == -1)
handle_error("mprotect");
for (p = buffer ; ; )
*(p++) = 'a';
printf("Loop completed\n"); /* Should never happen */
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
mmap(2), sysconf(3), pkeys(7)
This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2018-02-02 MPROTECT(2)
Pages that refer to this page: madvise(2), mmap(2), pkey_alloc(2), prctl(2), remap_file_pages(2), seccomp(2), sigaction(2), subpage_prot(2), syscalls(2), pthread_attr_setguardsize(3), pthread_attr_setstack(3), systemd.exec(5), pkeys(7), shm_overview(7)
Copyright and license for this manual page
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