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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | FILES | NOTES | BUGS | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
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RANDOM(4) Linux Programmer's Manual RANDOM(4)
random, urandom - kernel random number source devices
#include <linux/random.h>
int ioctl(fd, RNDrequest, param);
The character special files /dev/random and /dev/urandom (present
since Linux 1.3.30) provide an interface to the kernel's random
number generator. The file /dev/random has major device number 1 and
minor device number 8. The file /dev/urandom has major device number
1 and minor device number 9.
The random number generator gathers environmental noise from device
drivers and other sources into an entropy pool. The generator also
keeps an estimate of the number of bits of noise in the entropy pool.
From this entropy pool, random numbers are created.
Linux 3.17 and later provides the simpler and safer getrandom(2)
interface which requires no special files; see the getrandom(2)
manual page for details.
When read, the /dev/urandom device returns random bytes using a
pseudorandom number generator seeded from the entropy pool. Reads
from this device do not block (i.e., the CPU is not yielded), but can
incur an appreciable delay when requesting large amounts of data.
When read during early boot time, /dev/urandom may return data prior
to the entropy pool being initialized. If this is of concern in your
application, use getrandom(2) or /dev/random instead.
The /dev/random device is a legacy interface which dates back to a
time where the cryptographic primitives used in the implementation of
/dev/urandom were not widely trusted. It will return random bytes
only within the estimated number of bits of fresh noise in the
entropy pool, blocking if necessary. /dev/random is suitable for
applications that need high quality randomness, and can afford
indeterminate delays.
When the entropy pool is empty, reads from /dev/random will block
until additional environmental noise is gathered. If open(2) is
called for /dev/random with the O_NONBLOCK flag, a subsequent read(2)
will not block if the requested number of bytes is not available.
Instead, the available bytes are returned. If no byte is available,
read(2) will return -1 and errno will be set to EAGAIN.
The O_NONBLOCK flag has no effect when opening /dev/urandom. When
calling read(2) for the device /dev/urandom, reads of up to 256 bytes
will return as many bytes as are requested and will not be
interrupted by a signal handler. Reads with a buffer over this limit
may return less than the requested number of bytes or fail with the
error EINTR, if interrupted by a signal handler.
Since Linux 3.16, a read(2) from /dev/urandom will return at most
32 MB. A read(2) from /dev/random will return at most 512 bytes (340
bytes on Linux kernels before version 2.6.12).
Writing to /dev/random or /dev/urandom will update the entropy pool
with the data written, but this will not result in a higher entropy
count. This means that it will impact the contents read from both
files, but it will not make reads from /dev/random faster.
Usage
The /dev/random interface is considered a legacy interface, and
/dev/urandom is preferred and sufficient in all use cases, with the
exception of applications which require randomness during early boot
time; for these applications, getrandom(2) must be used instead,
because it will block until the entropy pool is initialized.
If a seed file is saved across reboots as recommended below (all
major Linux distributions have done this since 2000 at least), the
output is cryptographically secure against attackers without local
root access as soon as it is reloaded in the boot sequence, and
perfectly adequate for network encryption session keys. Since reads
from /dev/random may block, users will usually want to open it in
nonblocking mode (or perform a read with timeout), and provide some
sort of user notification if the desired entropy is not immediately
available.
Configuration
If your system does not have /dev/random and /dev/urandom created
already, they can be created with the following commands:
mknod -m 666 /dev/random c 1 8
mknod -m 666 /dev/urandom c 1 9
chown root:root /dev/random /dev/urandom
When a Linux system starts up without much operator interaction, the
entropy pool may be in a fairly predictable state. This reduces the
actual amount of noise in the entropy pool below the estimate. In
order to counteract this effect, it helps to carry entropy pool
information across shut-downs and start-ups. To do this, add the
lines to an appropriate script which is run during the Linux system
start-up sequence:
echo "Initializing random number generator..."
random_seed=/var/run/random-seed
# Carry a random seed from start-up to start-up
# Load and then save the whole entropy pool
if [ -f $random_seed ]; then
cat $random_seed >/dev/urandom
else
touch $random_seed
fi
chmod 600 $random_seed
poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize
[ -r $poolfile ] && bits=$(cat $poolfile) || bits=4096
bytes=$(expr $bits / 8)
dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes
Also, add the following lines in an appropriate script which is run
during the Linux system shutdown:
# Carry a random seed from shut-down to start-up
# Save the whole entropy pool
echo "Saving random seed..."
random_seed=/var/run/random-seed
touch $random_seed
chmod 600 $random_seed
poolfile=/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize
[ -r $poolfile ] && bits=$(cat $poolfile) || bits=4096
bytes=$(expr $bits / 8)
dd if=/dev/urandom of=$random_seed count=1 bs=$bytes
In the above examples, we assume Linux 2.6.0 or later, where
/proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize returns the size of the entropy pool
in bits (see below).
/proc interfaces
The files in the directory /proc/sys/kernel/random (present since
2.3.16) provide additional information about the /dev/random device:
entropy_avail
This read-only file gives the available entropy, in bits.
This will be a number in the range 0 to 4096.
poolsize
This file gives the size of the entropy pool. The semantics
of this file vary across kernel versions:
Linux 2.4:
This file gives the size of the entropy pool in bytes.
Normally, this file will have the value 512, but it is
writable, and can be changed to any value for which an
algorithm is available. The choices are 32, 64, 128,
256, 512, 1024, or 2048.
Linux 2.6 and later:
This file is read-only, and gives the size of the
entropy pool in bits. It contains the value 4096.
read_wakeup_threshold
This file contains the number of bits of entropy required for
waking up processes that sleep waiting for entropy from
/dev/random. The default is 64.
write_wakeup_threshold
This file contains the number of bits of entropy below which
we wake up processes that do a select(2) or poll(2) for write
access to /dev/random. These values can be changed by writing
to the files.
uuid and boot_id
These read-only files contain random strings like
6fd5a44b-35f4-4ad4-a9b9-6b9be13e1fe9. The former is generated
afresh for each read, the latter was generated once.
ioctl(2) interface
The following ioctl(2) requests are defined on file descriptors con‐
nected to either /dev/random or /dev/urandom. All requests performed
will interact with the input entropy pool impacting both /dev/random
and /dev/urandom. The CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability is required for all
requests except RNDGETENTCNT.
RNDGETENTCNT
Retrieve the entropy count of the input pool, the contents
will be the same as the entropy_avail file under proc. The
result will be stored in the int pointed to by the argument.
RNDADDTOENTCNT
Increment or decrement the entropy count of the input pool by
the value pointed to by the argument.
RNDGETPOOL
Removed in Linux 2.6.9.
RNDADDENTROPY
Add some additional entropy to the input pool, incrementing
the entropy count. This differs from writing to /dev/random
or /dev/urandom, which only adds some data but does not incre‐
ment the entropy count. The following structure is used:
struct rand_pool_info {
int entropy_count;
int buf_size;
__u32 buf[0];
};
Here entropy_count is the value added to (or subtracted from)
the entropy count, and buf is the buffer of size buf_size
which gets added to the entropy pool.
RNDZAPENTCNT, RNDCLEARPOOL
Zero the entropy count of all pools and add some system data
(such as wall clock) to the pools.
/dev/random
/dev/urandom
For an overview and comparison of the various interfaces that can be
used to obtain randomness, see random(7).
During early boot time, reads from /dev/urandom may return data prior
to the entropy pool being initialized.
mknod(1), getrandom(2), random(7)
RFC 1750, "Randomness Recommendations for Security"
This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2017-09-15 RANDOM(4)
Pages that refer to this page: getrandom(2), getentropy(3), sd_id128_get_machine(3), sd_id128_randomize(3), proc(5), systemd.unit(5), tmpfiles.d(5), capabilities(7), random(7), systemd-random-seed.service(8)
Copyright and license for this manual page
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