# Copyright (C) 2005-2016 Junjiro R. Okajima # # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the # GNU General Public License for more details. # # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License # along with this program. If not, see . Introduction ---------------------------------------- aufs [ei ju: ef es] | [a u f s] 1. abbrev. for "advanced multi-layered unification filesystem". 2. abbrev. for "another unionfs". 3. abbrev. for "auf das" in German which means "on the" in English. Ex. "Butter aufs Brot"(G) means "butter onto bread"(E). But "Filesystem aufs Filesystem" is hard to understand. AUFS is a filesystem with features: - multi layered stackable unification filesystem, the member directory is called as a branch. - branch permission and attribute, 'readonly', 'real-readonly', 'readwrite', 'whiteout-able', 'link-able whiteout', etc. and their combination. - internal "file copy-on-write". - logical deletion, whiteout. - dynamic branch manipulation, adding, deleting and changing permission. - allow bypassing aufs, user's direct branch access. - external inode number translation table and bitmap which maintains the persistent aufs inode number. - seekable directory, including NFS readdir. - file mapping, mmap and sharing pages. - pseudo-link, hardlink over branches. - loopback mounted filesystem as a branch. - several policies to select one among multiple writable branches. - revert a single systemcall when an error occurs in aufs. - and more... Multi Layered Stackable Unification Filesystem ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Most people already knows what it is. It is a filesystem which unifies several directories and provides a merged single directory. When users access a file, the access will be passed/re-directed/converted (sorry, I am not sure which English word is correct) to the real file on the member filesystem. The member filesystem is called 'lower filesystem' or 'branch' and has a mode 'readonly' and 'readwrite.' And the deletion for a file on the lower readonly branch is handled by creating 'whiteout' on the upper writable branch. On LKML, there have been discussions about UnionMount (Jan Blunck, Bharata B Rao and Valerie Aurora) and Unionfs (Erez Zadok). They took different approaches to implement the merged-view. The former tries putting it into VFS, and the latter implements as a separate filesystem. (If I misunderstand about these implementations, please let me know and I shall correct it. Because it is a long time ago when I read their source files last time). UnionMount's approach will be able to small, but may be hard to share branches between several UnionMount since the whiteout in it is implemented in the inode on branch filesystem and always shared. According to Bharata's post, readdir does not seems to be finished yet. There are several missing features known in this implementations such as - for users, the inode number may change silently. eg. copy-up. - link(2) may break by copy-up. - read(2) may get an obsoleted filedata (fstat(2) too). - fcntl(F_SETLK) may be broken by copy-up. - unnecessary copy-up may happen, for example mmap(MAP_PRIVATE) after open(O_RDWR). In linux-3.18, "overlay" filesystem (formerly known as "overlayfs") was merged into mainline. This is another implementation of UnionMount as a separated filesystem. All the limitations and known problems which UnionMount are equally inherited to "overlay" filesystem. Unionfs has a longer history. When I started implementing a stackable filesystem (Aug 2005), it already existed. It has virtual super_block, inode, dentry and file objects and they have an array pointing lower same kind objects. After contributing many patches for Unionfs, I re-started my project AUFS (Jun 2006). In AUFS, the structure of filesystem resembles to Unionfs, but I implemented my own ideas, approaches and enhancements and it became totally different one. Comparing DM snapshot and fs based implementation - the number of bytes to be copied between devices is much smaller. - the type of filesystem must be one and only. - the fs must be writable, no readonly fs, even for the lower original device. so the compression fs will not be usable. but if we use loopback mount, we may address this issue. for instance, mount /cdrom/squashfs.img /sq losetup /sq/ext2.img losetup /somewhere/cow dmsetup "snapshot /dev/loop0 /dev/loop1 ..." - it will be difficult (or needs more operations) to extract the difference between the original device and COW. - DM snapshot-merge may help a lot when users try merging. in the fs-layer union, users will use rsync(1). You may want to read my old paper "Filesystems in LiveCD" (http://aufs.sourceforge.net/aufs2/report/sq/sq.pdf). Several characters/aspects/persona of aufs ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Aufs has several characters, aspects or persona. 1. a filesystem, callee of VFS helper 2. sub-VFS, caller of VFS helper for branches 3. a virtual filesystem which maintains persistent inode number 4. reader/writer of files on branches such like an application 1. Callee of VFS Helper As an ordinary linux filesystem, aufs is a callee of VFS. For instance, unlink(2) from an application reaches sys_unlink() kernel function and then vfs_unlink() is called. vfs_unlink() is one of VFS helper and it calls filesystem specific unlink operation. Actually aufs implements the unlink operation but it behaves like a redirector. 2. Caller of VFS Helper for Branches aufs_unlink() passes the unlink request to the branch filesystem as if it were called from VFS. So the called unlink operation of the branch filesystem acts as usual. As a caller of VFS helper, aufs should handle every necessary pre/post operation for the branch filesystem. - acquire the lock for the parent dir on a branch - lookup in a branch - revalidate dentry on a branch - mnt_want_write() for a branch - vfs_unlink() for a branch - mnt_drop_write() for a branch - release the lock on a branch 3. Persistent Inode Number One of the most important issue for a filesystem is to maintain inode numbers. This is particularly important to support exporting a filesystem via NFS. Aufs is a virtual filesystem which doesn't have a backend block device for its own. But some storage is necessary to keep and maintain the inode numbers. It may be a large space and may not suit to keep in memory. Aufs rents some space from its first writable branch filesystem (by default) and creates file(s) on it. These files are created by aufs internally and removed soon (currently) keeping opened. Note: Because these files are removed, they are totally gone after unmounting aufs. It means the inode numbers are not persistent across unmount or reboot. I have a plan to make them really persistent which will be important for aufs on NFS server. 4. Read/Write Files Internally (copy-on-write) Because a branch can be readonly, when you write a file on it, aufs will "copy-up" it to the upper writable branch internally. And then write the originally requested thing to the file. Generally kernel doesn't open/read/write file actively. In aufs, even a single write may cause a internal "file copy". This behaviour is very similar to cp(1) command. Some people may think it is better to pass such work to user space helper, instead of doing in kernel space. Actually I am still thinking about it. But currently I have implemented it in kernel space.