31 Input/output library [input.output]

31.10 File-based streams [file.streams]

31.10.1 Header <fstream> synopsis [fstream.syn]

namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_filebuf; template<class charT, class traits> void swap(basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& x, basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& y); using filebuf = basic_filebuf<char>; using wfilebuf = basic_filebuf<wchar_t>; template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_ifstream; template<class charT, class traits> void swap(basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& y); using ifstream = basic_ifstream<char>; using wifstream = basic_ifstream<wchar_t>; template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_ofstream; template<class charT, class traits> void swap(basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& y); using ofstream = basic_ofstream<char>; using wofstream = basic_ofstream<wchar_t>; template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_fstream; template<class charT, class traits> void swap(basic_fstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_fstream<charT, traits>& y); using fstream = basic_fstream<char>; using wfstream = basic_fstream<wchar_t>; }

The header <fstream> defines four class templates and eight types that associate stream buffers with files and assist reading and writing files.

[Note 1:

The class template basic_filebuf treats a file as a source or sink of bytes.

In an environment that uses a large character set, the file typically holds multibyte character sequences and the basic_filebuf object converts those multibyte sequences into wide character sequences.

— end note]

In subclause [file.streams], member functions taking arguments of const filesystem::path::value_type* are only provided on systems where filesystem::path::value_type ([fs.class.path]) is not char.

[Note 2:

These functions enable class path support for systems with a wide native path character type, such as wchar_t.

— end note]

31.10.2 Native handles [file.native]

Several classes described in [file.streams] have a member native_handle_type.

The type native_handle_type represents a platform-specific native handle to a file.

It is trivially copyable and models semiregular .

[Note 1:

For operating systems based on POSIX, native_handle_type is int.

For Windows-based operating systems, native_handle_type is HANDLE.

— end note]

31.10.3 Class template basic_filebuf [filebuf]

31.10.3.1 General [filebuf.general]

🔗

namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_filebuf : public basic_streambuf<charT, traits> { public: using char_type = charT; using int_type = typename traits::int_type; using pos_type = typename traits::pos_type; using off_type = typename traits::off_type; using traits_type = traits; using native_handle_type = implementation-defined; // see [file.native] // [filebuf.cons], constructors/destructor basic_filebuf(); basic_filebuf(const basic_filebuf&) = delete; basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& rhs); virtual ~basic_filebuf(); // [filebuf.assign], assignment and swap basic_filebuf& operator=(const basic_filebuf&) = delete; basic_filebuf& operator=(basic_filebuf&& rhs); void swap(basic_filebuf& rhs); // [filebuf.members], members bool is_open() const; basic_filebuf* open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode); basic_filebuf* open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s, ios_base::openmode mode); // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn] basic_filebuf* open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode); basic_filebuf* open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode); basic_filebuf* close(); native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept; protected: // [filebuf.virtuals], overridden virtual functions streamsize showmanyc() override; int_type underflow() override; int_type uflow() override; int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof()) override; int_type overflow (int_type c = traits::eof()) override; basic_streambuf<charT, traits>* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n) override; pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override; pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp, ios_base::openmode which = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override; int sync() override; void imbue(const locale& loc) override; }; }

The class basic_filebuf<charT, traits> associates both the input sequence and the output sequence with a file.

The restrictions on reading and writing a sequence controlled by an object of class basic_filebuf<charT, traits> are the same as for reading and writing with the C standard library FILEs.

In particular:

(3.1)
If the file is not open for reading the input sequence cannot be read.
(3.2)
If the file is not open for writing the output sequence cannot be written.
(3.3)
A joint file position is maintained for both the input sequence and the output sequence.

An instance of basic_filebuf behaves as described in [filebuf] provided traits::pos_type is fpos<traits::state_type>.

Otherwise the behavior is undefined.

The file associated with a basic_filebuf has an associated value of type native_handle_type, called the native handle ([file.native]) of that file.

This native handle can be obtained by calling the member function native_handle.

For any opened basic_filebuf f, the native handle returned by f.native_handle() is invalidated when f.close() is called, or f is destroyed.

In order to support file I/O and multibyte/wide character conversion, conversions are performed using members of a facet, referred to as a_codecvt in following subclauses, obtained as if by const codecvt<charT, char, typename traits::state_type>& a_codecvt = use_facet<codecvt<charT, char, typename traits::state_type>>(getloc());

31.10.3.2 Constructors [filebuf.cons]

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basic_filebuf();

Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_streambuf<charT, traits>() ([streambuf.cons]).

Postconditions: is_open() == false.

🔗

basic_filebuf(basic_filebuf&& rhs);

Effects: It is implementation-defined whether the sequence pointers in *this (eback(), gptr(), egptr(), pbase(), pptr(), epptr()) obtain the values which rhs had.

Whether they do or not, *this and rhs reference separate buffers (if any at all) after the construction.

Additionally *this references the file which rhs did before the construction, and rhs references no file after the construction.

The openmode, locale and any other state of rhs is also copied.

Postconditions: Let rhs_p refer to the state of rhs just prior to this construction and let rhs_a refer to the state of rhs just after this construction.

(4.1)
is_open() == rhs_p.is_open()
(4.2)
rhs_a.is_open() == false
(4.3)
gptr() - eback() == rhs_p.gptr() - rhs_p.eback()
(4.4)
egptr() - eback() == rhs_p.egptr() - rhs_p.eback()
(4.5)
pptr() - pbase() == rhs_p.pptr() - rhs_p.pbase()
(4.6)
epptr() - pbase() == rhs_p.epptr() - rhs_p.pbase()
(4.7)
if (eback()) eback() != rhs_a.eback()
(4.8)
if (gptr()) gptr() != rhs_a.gptr()
(4.9)
if (egptr()) egptr() != rhs_a.egptr()
(4.10)
if (pbase()) pbase() != rhs_a.pbase()
(4.11)
if (pptr()) pptr() != rhs_a.pptr()
(4.12)
if (epptr()) epptr() != rhs_a.epptr()

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virtual ~basic_filebuf();

Effects: Calls close().

If an exception occurs during the destruction of the object, including the call to close(), the exception is caught but not rethrown (see [res.on.exception.handling]).

31.10.3.3 Assignment and swap [filebuf.assign]

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basic_filebuf& operator=(basic_filebuf&& rhs);

Effects: Calls close() then move assigns from rhs.

After the move assignment *this has the observable state it would have had if it had been move constructed from rhs (see [filebuf.cons]).

Returns: *this.

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void swap(basic_filebuf& rhs);

Effects: Exchanges the state of *this and rhs.

🔗

template<class charT, class traits>
  void swap(basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& x, basic_filebuf<charT, traits>& y);

Effects: Equivalent to x.swap(y).

31.10.3.4 Member functions [filebuf.members]

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bool is_open() const;

Returns: true if a previous call to open succeeded (returned a non-null value) and there has been no intervening call to close.

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basic_filebuf* open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode);
basic_filebuf* open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
                    ios_base::openmode mode);  // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn]

Preconditions: s points to a NTCTS ([defns.ntcts]).

Effects: If is_open() != false, returns a null pointer.

Otherwise, initializes the filebuf as required.

It then opens the file to which s resolves, if possible, as if by a call to fopen with the second argument determined from mode & ~ios_base::ate as indicated in Table 128 .

If mode is not some combination of flags shown in the table then the open fails.

Table 128: File open modes [tab:filebuf.open.modes]

🔗	ios_base flag combination						stdio equivalent
🔗	binary	in	out	trunc	app	noreplace
🔗			+				"w"
🔗			+			+	"wx"
🔗			+	+			"w"
🔗			+	+		+	"wx"
🔗			+		+		"a"
🔗					+		"a"
🔗		+					"r"
🔗		+	+				"r+"
🔗		+	+	+			"w+"
🔗		+	+	+		+	"w+x"
🔗		+	+		+		"a+"
🔗		+			+		"a+"
🔗	+		+				"wb"
🔗	+		+			+	"wbx"
🔗	+		+	+			"wb"
🔗	+		+	+		+	"wbx"
🔗	+		+		+		"ab"
🔗	+				+		"ab"
🔗	+	+					"rb"
🔗	+	+	+				"r+b"
🔗	+	+	+	+			"w+b"
🔗	+	+	+	+		+	"w+bx"
🔗	+	+	+		+		"a+b"
🔗	+	+			+		"a+b"

If the open operation succeeds and ios_base::ate is set in mode, positions the file to the end (as if by calling fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END), where file is the pointer returned by calling fopen).301

If the repositioning operation fails, calls close() and returns a null pointer to indicate failure.

Returns: this if successful, a null pointer otherwise.

🔗

basic_filebuf* open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode);
basic_filebuf* open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode);

Returns: open(s.c_str(), mode);

🔗

basic_filebuf* close();

Effects: If is_open() == false, returns a null pointer.

If a put area exists, calls overflow(traits::eof()) to flush characters.

If the last virtual member function called on *this (between underflow, overflow, seekoff, and seekpos) was overflow then calls a_codecvt.unshift (possibly several times) to determine a termination sequence, inserts those characters and calls overflow(traits::eof()) again.

Finally, regardless of whether any of the preceding calls fails or throws an exception, the function closes the file (as if by calling fclose(file)).

If any of the calls made by the function, including fclose, fails, close fails by returning a null pointer.

If one of these calls throws an exception, the exception is caught and rethrown after closing the file.

Postconditions: is_open() == false.

Returns: this on success, a null pointer otherwise.

🔗

native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept;

Preconditions: is_open() is true.

Returns: The native handle associated with *this.

301)301)

The macro SEEK_END is defined, and the function signatures fopen(const char*, const char*) and fseek(FILE*, long, int) are declared, in <cstdio>.

31.10.3.5 Overridden virtual functions [filebuf.virtuals]

🔗

streamsize showmanyc() override;

Effects: Behaves the same as basic_streambuf::showmanyc() ([streambuf.virtuals]).

Remarks: An implementation may provide an overriding definition for this function signature if it can determine whether more characters can be read from the input sequence.

🔗

int_type underflow() override;

Effects: Behaves according to the description of basic_streambuf<charT, traits>::underflow(), with the specialization that a sequence of characters is read from the input sequence as if by reading from the associated file into an internal buffer (extern_buf) and then as if by doing:

char extern_buf[XSIZE]; char* extern_end; charT intern_buf[ISIZE]; charT* intern_end; codecvt_base::result r = a_codecvt.in(state, extern_buf, extern_buf+XSIZE, extern_end, intern_buf, intern_buf+ISIZE, intern_end);

This shall be done in such a way that the class can recover the position (fpos_t) corresponding to each character between intern_buf and intern_end.

If the value of r indicates that a_codecvt.in() ran out of space in intern_buf, retry with a larger intern_buf.

🔗

int_type uflow() override;

Effects: Behaves according to the description of basic_streambuf<charT, traits>::uflow(), with the specialization that a sequence of characters is read from the input with the same method as used by underflow.

🔗

int_type pbackfail(int_type c = traits::eof()) override;

Effects: Puts back the character designated by c to the input sequence, if possible, in one of three ways:

(5.1)
If traits::eq_int_type(c, traits::eof()) returns false and if the function makes a putback position available and if traits::eq(to_char_type(c), gptr()[-1]) returns true, decrements the next pointer for the input sequence, gptr().
Returns: c.
(5.2)
If traits::eq_int_type(c, traits::eof()) returns false and if the function makes a putback position available and if the function is permitted to assign to the putback position, decrements the next pointer for the input sequence, and stores c there.
Returns: c.
(5.3)
If traits::eq_int_type(c, traits::eof()) returns true, and if either the input sequence has a putback position available or the function makes a putback position available, decrements the next pointer for the input sequence, gptr().
Returns: traits::not_eof(c).

Returns: As specified above, or traits::eof() to indicate failure.

Remarks: If is_open() == false, the function always fails.

The function does not put back a character directly to the input sequence.

If the function can succeed in more than one of these ways, it is unspecified which way is chosen.

The function can alter the number of putback positions available as a result of any call.

🔗

int_type overflow(int_type c = traits::eof()) override;

Effects: Behaves according to the description of basic_streambuf<charT, traits>::overflow(c), except that the behavior of “consuming characters” is performed by first converting as if by: charT* b = pbase(); charT* p = pptr(); charT* end; char xbuf[XSIZE]; char* xbuf_end; codecvt_base::result r = a_codecvt.out(state, b, p, end, xbuf, xbuf+XSIZE, xbuf_end); and then

(10.1)
If r == codecvt_base::error then fail.
(10.2)
If r == codecvt_base::noconv then output characters from b up to (and not including) p.
(10.3)
If r == codecvt_base::partial then output to the file characters from xbuf up to xbuf_end, and repeat using characters from end to p.

If output fails, fail (without repeating).
(10.4)
Otherwise output from xbuf to xbuf_end, and fail if output fails.

At this point if b != p and b == end (xbuf isn't large enough) then increase XSIZE and repeat from the beginning.

Returns: traits::not_eof(c) to indicate success, and traits::eof() to indicate failure.

If is_open() == false, the function always fails.

🔗

basic_streambuf* setbuf(char_type* s, streamsize n) override;

Effects: If setbuf(0, 0) is called on a stream before any I/O has occurred on that stream, the stream becomes unbuffered.

Otherwise the results are implementation-defined.

“Unbuffered” means that pbase() and pptr() always return null and output to the file should appear as soon as possible.

🔗

pos_type seekoff(off_type off, ios_base::seekdir way,
                 ios_base::openmode which
                   = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;

Effects: Let width denote a_codecvt.encoding().

If is_open() == false, or off != 0 && width <= 0, then the positioning operation fails.

Otherwise, if way != basic_ios::cur or off != 0, and if the last operation was output, then update the output sequence and write any unshift sequence.

Next, seek to the new position: if width > 0, call fseek(file, width * off, whence), otherwise call fseek(file, 0, whence).

Returns: A newly constructed pos_type object that stores the resultant stream position, if possible.

If the positioning operation fails, or if the object cannot represent the resultant stream position, returns pos_type(off_type(-1)).

Remarks: “The last operation was output” means either the last virtual operation was overflow or the put buffer is non-empty.

“Write any unshift sequence” means, if width is less than zero then call a_codecvt.unshift(state, xbuf, xbuf+XSIZE, xbuf_end) and output the resulting unshift sequence.

The function determines one of three values for the argument whence, of type int, as indicated in Table 129 .

Table 129: seekoff effects [tab:filebuf.seekoff]

🔗	way Value	stdio Equivalent
🔗	basic_ios::beg	SEEK_SET
🔗	basic_ios::cur	SEEK_CUR
🔗	basic_ios::end	SEEK_END

🔗

pos_type seekpos(pos_type sp,
                 ios_base::openmode which
                   = ios_base::in | ios_base::out) override;

Alters the file position, if possible, to correspond to the position stored in sp (as described below).

Altering the file position performs as follows:

1.	if (om & ios_base::out) != 0, then update the output sequence and write any unshift sequence;
2.	set the file position to sp as if by a call to fsetpos;
3.	if (om & ios_base::in) != 0, then update the input sequence;

where om is the open mode passed to the last call to open().

The operation fails if is_open() returns false.

If sp is an invalid stream position, or if the function positions neither sequence, the positioning operation fails.

If sp has not been obtained by a previous successful call to one of the positioning functions (seekoff or seekpos) on the same file the effects are undefined.

Returns: sp on success.

Otherwise returns pos_type(off_type(-1)).

🔗

int sync() override;

Effects: If a put area exists, calls filebuf::overflow to write the characters to the file, then flushes the file as if by calling fflush(file).

If a get area exists, the effect is implementation-defined.

🔗

void imbue(const locale& loc) override;

Preconditions: If the file is not positioned at its beginning and the encoding of the current locale as determined by a_codecvt.encoding() is state-dependent ([locale.codecvt.virtuals]) then that facet is the same as the corresponding facet of loc.

Effects: Causes characters inserted or extracted after this call to be converted according to loc until another call of imbue.

Remarks: This may require reconversion of previously converted characters.

This in turn may require the implementation to be able to reconstruct the original contents of the file.

31.10.4 Class template basic_ifstream [ifstream]

31.10.4.1 General [ifstream.general]

🔗

namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_ifstream : public basic_istream<charT, traits> { public: using char_type = charT; using int_type = typename traits::int_type; using pos_type = typename traits::pos_type; using off_type = typename traits::off_type; using traits_type = traits; using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<charT, traits>::native_handle_type; // [ifstream.cons], constructors basic_ifstream(); explicit basic_ifstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); explicit basic_ifstream(const filesystem::path::value_type* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);// wide systems only; see [fstream.syn] explicit basic_ifstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); template<class T> explicit basic_ifstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); basic_ifstream(const basic_ifstream&) = delete; basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& rhs); basic_ifstream& operator=(const basic_ifstream&) = delete; basic_ifstream& operator=(basic_ifstream&& rhs); // [ifstream.swap], swap void swap(basic_ifstream& rhs); // [ifstream.members], members basic_filebuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const; native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept; bool is_open() const; void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); void open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn] void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); void open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in); void close(); private: basic_filebuf<charT, traits> sb; // exposition only }; }

The class basic_ifstream<charT, traits> supports reading from named files.

It uses a basic_filebuf<charT, traits> object to control the associated sequence.

For the sake of exposition, the maintained data is presented here as:

(1.1)
sb, the filebuf object.

31.10.4.2 Constructors [ifstream.cons]

🔗

basic_ifstream();

Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream.cons]) and sb with basic_filebuf<charT, traits>() ([filebuf.cons]).

🔗

explicit basic_ifstream(const char* s,
                        ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
explicit basic_ifstream(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
                        ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);  // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn]

Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_istream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([istream.cons]) and sb with basic_filebuf<charT, traits>() ([filebuf.cons]), then calls rdbuf()->open(s, mode | ios_base::in).

If that function returns a null pointer, calls setstate(failbit).

🔗

explicit basic_ifstream(const string& s,
                        ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);

Effects: Equivalent to basic_ifstream(s.c_str(), mode).

🔗

template<class T>
  explicit basic_ifstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);

Constraints: is_same_v<T, filesystem::path> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to basic_ifstream(s.c_str(), mode).

🔗

basic_ifstream(basic_ifstream&& rhs);

Effects: Move constructs the base class, and the contained basic_filebuf.

Then calls basic_istream<charT, traits>::set_rdbuf(addressof(sb)) to install the contained basic_filebuf.

31.10.4.3 Swap [ifstream.swap]

🔗

void swap(basic_ifstream& rhs);

Effects: Exchanges the state of *this and rhs by calling basic_istream<charT, traits>::swap(rhs) and sb.swap(rhs.sb).

🔗

template<class charT, class traits>
  void swap(basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ifstream<charT, traits>& y);

Effects: Equivalent to x.swap(y).

31.10.4.4 Member functions [ifstream.members]

🔗

basic_filebuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const;

Returns: const_cast<basic_filebuf<charT, traits>*>(addressof(sb)).

🔗

native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to: return rdbuf()->native_handle();

🔗

bool is_open() const;

Returns: rdbuf()->is_open().

🔗

void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
void open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
          ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);  // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn]

Effects: Calls rdbuf()->open(s, mode | ios_base::in).

If that function does not return a null pointer calls clear(), otherwise calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure) ([iostate.flags]).

🔗

void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);
void open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in);

Effects: Calls open(s.c_str(), mode).

🔗

void close();

Effects: Calls rdbuf()->close() and, if that function returns a null pointer, calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure) ([iostate.flags]).

31.10.5 Class template basic_ofstream [ofstream]

31.10.5.1 General [ofstream.general]

🔗

namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_ofstream : public basic_ostream<charT, traits> { public: using char_type = charT; using int_type = typename traits::int_type; using pos_type = typename traits::pos_type; using off_type = typename traits::off_type; using traits_type = traits; using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<charT, traits>::native_handle_type; // [ofstream.cons], constructors basic_ofstream(); explicit basic_ofstream(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); explicit basic_ofstream(const filesystem::path::value_type* s, // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn] ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); explicit basic_ofstream(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); template<class T> explicit basic_ofstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); basic_ofstream(const basic_ofstream&) = delete; basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& rhs); basic_ofstream& operator=(const basic_ofstream&) = delete; basic_ofstream& operator=(basic_ofstream&& rhs); // [ofstream.swap], swap void swap(basic_ofstream& rhs); // [ofstream.members], members basic_filebuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const; native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept; bool is_open() const; void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); void open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn] void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); void open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); void close(); private: basic_filebuf<charT, traits> sb; // exposition only }; }

The class basic_ofstream<charT, traits> supports writing to named files.

It uses a basic_filebuf<charT, traits> object to control the associated sequence.

For the sake of exposition, the maintained data is presented here as:

(1.1)
sb, the filebuf object.

31.10.5.2 Constructors [ofstream.cons]

🔗

basic_ofstream();

Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_ostream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([ostream.cons]) and sb with basic_filebuf<charT, traits>() ([filebuf.cons]).

🔗

explicit basic_ofstream(const char* s,
                        ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
explicit basic_ofstream(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
                        ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out); // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn]

Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_ostream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([ostream.cons]) and sb with basic_filebuf<charT, traits>() ([filebuf.cons]), then calls rdbuf()->open(s, mode | ios_base::out).

If that function returns a null pointer, calls setstate(failbit).

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explicit basic_ofstream(const string& s,
                        ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);

Effects: Equivalent to basic_ofstream(s.c_str(), mode).

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template<class T>
  explicit basic_ofstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);

Constraints: is_same_v<T, filesystem::path> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to basic_ofstream(s.c_str(), mode).

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basic_ofstream(basic_ofstream&& rhs);

Effects: Move constructs the base class, and the contained basic_filebuf.

Then calls basic_ostream<charT, traits>::set_rdbuf(addressof(sb)) to install the contained basic_filebuf.

31.10.5.3 Swap [ofstream.swap]

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void swap(basic_ofstream& rhs);

Effects: Exchanges the state of *this and rhs by calling basic_ostream<charT, traits>::swap(rhs) and sb.swap(rhs.sb).

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template<class charT, class traits>
  void swap(basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& x, basic_ofstream<charT, traits>& y);

Effects: Equivalent to x.swap(y).

31.10.5.4 Member functions [ofstream.members]

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basic_filebuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const;

Returns: const_cast<basic_filebuf<charT, traits>*>(addressof(sb)).

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native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to: return rdbuf()->native_handle();

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bool is_open() const;

Returns: rdbuf()->is_open().

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void open(const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
void open(const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
          ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);             // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn]

Effects: Calls rdbuf()->open(s, mode | ios_base::out).

If that function does not return a null pointer calls clear(), otherwise calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure) ([iostate.flags]).

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void close();

Effects: Calls rdbuf()->close() and, if that function fails (returns a null pointer), calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure) ([iostate.flags]).

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void open(const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);
void open(const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::out);

Effects: Calls open(s.c_str(), mode).

31.10.6 Class template basic_fstream [fstream]

31.10.6.1 General [fstream.general]

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namespace std { template<class charT, class traits = char_traits<charT>> class basic_fstream : public basic_iostream<charT, traits> { public: using char_type = charT; using int_type = typename traits::int_type; using pos_type = typename traits::pos_type; using off_type = typename traits::off_type; using traits_type = traits; using native_handle_type = typename basic_filebuf<charT, traits>::native_handle_type; // [fstream.cons], constructors basic_fstream(); explicit basic_fstream( const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); explicit basic_fstream( const filesystem::path::value_type* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out); // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn] explicit basic_fstream( const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); template<class T> explicit basic_fstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); basic_fstream(const basic_fstream&) = delete; basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& rhs); basic_fstream& operator=(const basic_fstream&) = delete; basic_fstream& operator=(basic_fstream&& rhs); // [fstream.swap], swap void swap(basic_fstream& rhs); // [fstream.members], members basic_filebuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const; native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept; bool is_open() const; void open( const char* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); void open( const filesystem::path::value_type* s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in|ios_base::out); // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn] void open( const string& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); void open( const filesystem::path& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out); void close(); private: basic_filebuf<charT, traits> sb; // exposition only }; }

The class template basic_fstream<charT, traits> supports reading and writing from named files.

It uses a basic_filebuf<charT, traits> object to control the associated sequences.

For the sake of exposition, the maintained data is presented here as:

(1.1)
sb, the basic_filebuf object.

31.10.6.2 Constructors [fstream.cons]

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basic_fstream();

Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_iostream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([iostream.cons]) and sb with basic_filebuf<charT, traits>().

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explicit basic_fstream(
  const char* s,
  ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
explicit basic_fstream(
  const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
  ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);  // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn]

Effects: Initializes the base class with basic_iostream<charT, traits>(addressof(sb)) ([iostream.cons]) and sb with basic_filebuf<charT, traits>().

Then calls rdbuf()->open(s, mode).

If that function returns a null pointer, calls setstate(failbit).

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explicit basic_fstream(
  const string& s,
  ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);

Effects: Equivalent to basic_fstream(s.c_str(), mode).

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template<class T>
  explicit basic_fstream(const T& s, ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);

Constraints: is_same_v<T, filesystem::path> is true.

Effects: Equivalent to basic_fstream(s.c_str(), mode).

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basic_fstream(basic_fstream&& rhs);

Effects: Move constructs the base class, and the contained basic_filebuf.

Then calls basic_istream<charT, traits>::set_rdbuf(addressof(sb)) to install the contained basic_filebuf.

31.10.6.3 Swap [fstream.swap]

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void swap(basic_fstream& rhs);

Effects: Exchanges the state of *this and rhs by calling basic_iostream<charT,traits>::swap(rhs) and sb.swap(rhs.sb).

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template<class charT, class traits>
  void swap(basic_fstream<charT, traits>& x,
            basic_fstream<charT, traits>& y);

Effects: Equivalent to x.swap(y).

31.10.6.4 Member functions [fstream.members]

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basic_filebuf<charT, traits>* rdbuf() const;

Returns: const_cast<basic_filebuf<charT, traits>*>(addressof(sb)).

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native_handle_type native_handle() const noexcept;

Effects: Equivalent to: return rdbuf()->native_handle();

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bool is_open() const;

Returns: rdbuf()->is_open().

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void open(
  const char* s,
  ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
void open(
  const filesystem::path::value_type* s,
  ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);  // wide systems only; see [fstream.syn]

Effects: Calls rdbuf()->open(s, mode).

If that function does not return a null pointer calls clear(), otherwise calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure) ([iostate.flags]).

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void open(
  const string& s,
  ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);
void open(
  const filesystem::path& s,
  ios_base::openmode mode = ios_base::in | ios_base::out);

Effects: Calls open(s.c_str(), mode).

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void close();

Effects: Calls rdbuf()->close() and, if that function returns a null pointer, calls setstate(failbit) (which may throw ios_base::failure) ([iostate.flags]).