namespace std {
  class ctype_base {
  public:
    using mask = see below;
    
    static const mask space  = 1 << 0;
    static const mask print  = 1 << 1;
    static const mask cntrl  = 1 << 2;
    static const mask upper  = 1 << 3;
    static const mask lower  = 1 << 4;
    static const mask alpha  = 1 << 5;
    static const mask digit  = 1 << 6;
    static const mask punct  = 1 << 7;
    static const mask xdigit = 1 << 8;
    static const mask blank  = 1 << 9;
    static const mask alnum  = alpha | digit;
    static const mask graph  = alnum | punct;
  };
}